The Cyclical and Infinite Universe of Localized Energetic Releases Dan Carpenter The universe is infinite in both space and time.
Within this vast, enduring expanse, what is often perceived as a singular beginning and subsequent expansion is actually a localized energetic release.
This model suggests a continuous cycle driven by the inevitable gravitational mergers of massive objects, particularly black holes and their remnants, within regions that have reached a state of localized quiet.
These mergers, especially those escalating into hierarchical super-mergers, trigger new, localized expansions – effectively, ripples in spacetime.
Each ripple manifests as a localized universe possessing a finite lifespan suitable for activity, structure formation, and potentially life.
A critical aspect of this reality is the nature of time.
While bound systems maintain consistent internal clocks, large-scale temporal definition and measurement are emergent properties, tied to the energetic activity within these localized ripples.
This renders large-scale time between ripples, or within the deep quiet of heat-death regions, effectively undefined or vastly different.
This framework allows for the coexistence of numerous ripples within the overarching infinite cosmos, suggesting a perpetual cycle of localized cosmic death and rebirth governed by fundamental principles of gravity and entropy.
A key observation is the possibility of inter-ripple remnants – objects from previous cycles that carry their own cumulative internal time histories.
This potentially explains anomalies like seemingly ancient stars by the mismatch between their internal age and the timeline of the ripple they eventually enter.
By offering a new perspective on origins, ultimate fates, and existence beyond the horizon, this story provides a fresh view on the fundamental nature of reality and our place within it.
The prevailing view describes the observable surroundings as originating from a hot, dense state about 13.8 billion years ago.
While this successfully explains many things, it leaves significant questions regarding the nature of the initial state, the ultimate fate of expansion, and the possibility of existence beyond the observable horizon.
However, the origin of this story is not the sole beginning of all existence, but rather a significant, localized event within a universe that is already infinite and eternal.
The term universe is often used for the observable cosmos, but it can be misleading when considering the full scope of reality.
Instead, there is a single, spatially and temporally infinite expanse encompassing all of existence.
Within this infinite fabric, various energetic events occur.
These events lead to localized expansions of spacetime, which are perceived as distinct ripples.
The infinite expanse contains countless states, defined as local instances or regions of local quiet.
What is experienced as a beginning is one such localized release of energy.
The source of this energy is a cataclysmic merger involving a vast number of massive black holes and other dense remnants.
This occurs within a region of the infinite expanse that has previously undergone its own cycle of activity and reached a state of localized quiet.
As localized regions evolve, they approach thermodynamic equilibrium.
Matter in these regions becomes increasingly concentrated in stable remnants, primarily massive black holes and other cold, dense objects.
Over immense timescales, driven by random motion and weak gravitational interactions, these objects inevitably encounter and merge.
Black hole mergers are among the most energetic events known, releasing tremendous energy as gravitational waves.
Under certain extreme conditions, these mergers can escalate into hierarchical cascades.
Smaller black holes merge to form larger ones, which then combine, potentially forming and merging binary supermassive black holes.
This process builds objects far exceeding the mass of typical supermassive black holes, leading to an extreme, transient configuration of highly concentrated mass and energy.
A final, colossal merger or a rapid sequence of such extreme mergers within a localized quiet region triggers a new, localized expansion of spacetime – initiating a new ripple.
This event represents a localized re-organization of concentrated mass-energy.
It sets the stage for a new region to transition from the surrounding diffuse state towards a relatively low-entropy, energetically expanding phase.
These triggering mergers can originate primarily from the accumulation and coalescence of remnants within a single quiet region.
Alternatively, they result from the long-term gravitational interaction and eventual merger of remnant populations that originated in different, distant localized events and have drifted within the infinite expanse.
Furthermore, a new localized expansion could also be triggered or subtly facilitated by the gravitational influence of a distant, actively expanding ripple.
This long-range influence could perturb a quiet region over vast cosmic timescales, gently destabilizing its concentrated remnants and encouraging the gravitational collapse and hierarchical super-mergers needed to spark a new energetic release in that location.
The immense distances and timescales involved in these potential inter-ripple triggering events make them effectively immeasurable to any life confined within a single expanding ripple.
The weak gravitational pressure or influence from an expanding local universe might also subtly affect surrounding regions.
It could nudge their supermassive black holes, over vast periods, into gravitational encounters that promote further mergers.
This increases the probability of the hierarchical mergers needed for new cycles.
This suggests the cyclical nature is highly probable over sufficient spans of time – or, effectively, across epochs where defined large-scale time is absent.
The black holes and other remnants act as collectors until a critical mass-energy configuration is reached, leading to a new release of energy, consistent with the conservation of energy.
These newly initiated expansions are the ripples of existence.
Each ripple undergoes a phase of rapid expansion and cooling.
This allows for the formation of structures like galaxies, stars, and the potential for life to emerge.
Within an infinite expanse marked by localized energetic releases, the concept of time requires careful definition.
Fundamental physical processes within bounded systems define consistent local measures of time – their internal clocks continue to tick.
However, a universal, flowing temporal dimension spanning the vastness between active ripples is challenged.
Time, as a large-scale, measurable, and experienced phenomenon, appears directly tied to the dynamic processes within active localized ripples.
During expansion and cooling, significant change, interaction, and gradients provide the conditions necessary to define and perceive the progression of time.
In the immense regions between active ripples, or within a ripple that has reached its end, energy density is minimal and large-scale dynamic processes are largely absent.
Matter exists primarily as stable, cold remnants.
In this state of minimal interaction, the conditions needed for defining or measuring time on a large scale are missing.
Spacetime in these regions is relatively flat and static compared to the dynamic, curved, expanding spacetime inside a ripple.
Without significant macroscopic change or a common framework for interaction, the concept of elapsed time across these regions or epochs becomes effectively meaningless or vastly different from time experienced within an active ripple.
It is not that internal clocks stop within remnants; the fundamental physics governing their components continues.
However, the large-scale context for defining a unified, externally measurable flow of time is fundamentally altered or absent.
The end of a localized ripple signifies the approach of equilibrium.
From the perspective of dynamics within that ripple, the progression of time becomes increasingly difficult to define, effectively becoming frozen relative to a system undergoing dynamic change.
Each localized release begins a new era of energetic activity.
This creates a new localized temporal framework that evolves and eventually fades with the dissipation of energy.
A compelling consequence of this cyclical, infinite model is the possibility of remnants from previous localized energy releases enduring and eventually interacting with newly formed ripples, such as this one.
Imagine a prior ripple completing its active phase and approaching its quiet state, with matter settled into stable remnants like black holes or degenerate stars.
During that ripple's active life, gravitational interactions might have ejected massive objects – perhaps entire galaxies, star systems, or individual black holes – with enough velocity to escape their local region as it became quiet.
These ejected remnants would carry their internal clocks, governed by their intrinsic physics, as they traverse the vast, low-energy expanse between active ripples.
In these inter-ripple zones, internal processes within the remnant continue.
However, measurable time for the void itself, or relative to a common external clock, is largely absent or proceeds at a rate vastly different from that within active ripples, due to the lack of significant macroscopic interaction or dynamic change.
Despite the isolation, the internal mechanics of the remnant persist, accumulating its own temporal history.
Eventually, such a remnant, perhaps a chance traveler from a distant epoch and location, could encounter and be captured by a newly emerging ripple, like the one forming this observable universe.
The expanding spacetime and gravitational influence of this new ripple would incorporate the pre-existing object.
This interaction offers a potential explanation for observations that appear anomalous within a single beginning framework.
It highlights a discrepancy between the remnant's total accumulated internal age and the age of the spacetime region it enters.
For instance, a star or galaxy remnant whose age might exceed the 13.8-billion-year age of the local universe.
The remnant's internal clock, having operated continuously throughout its history independently of the large-scale temporal flow of the void, would not necessarily align its accumulated history with the timeline defined solely by a single event.
A particularly interesting potential example of such an anomaly is the Methuselah Star.
Its estimated age has presented a significant challenge by appearing older than the accepted age of the surroundings.
While refinements have narrowed this gap, such objects embody the type of observation that could be explained if they originated in a prior cosmic cycle and entered the current ripple carrying their accumulated history.
Other seemingly ancient structures might likewise be relics from previous ripples, carrying their origin's temporal history.
Their properties could reflect age and evolution over timescales vastly different from those prevalent in the early stages of the current ripple.
Identifying and characterizing such remnants poses a significant challenge.
Proving that an object originated in another ripple requires demonstrating that its physical state and properties are unambiguously inconsistent with formation and evolution solely within a 13.8-billion-year history.
This concept of inter-ripple remnants provides a mechanism by which objects with temporal histories independent of the local beginning could become part of the observable surroundings, potentially resolving age paradoxes and linking us to the cyclical nature of the infinite cosmos.
As each ripple expands and its energy density decreases, it eventually moves towards its own localized quiet state.
The matter and energy are not lost but primarily locked within stable remnants, including black holes.
These remnants represent the endpoint of a localized cycle.
These remnants persist within the infinite expanse, their internal clocks continuing to tick, potentially for immense periods.
Eventually, they participate in further mergers that can initiate new ripples elsewhere or elsewhen.
This creates an eternal cycle of localized energy releases followed by periods of activity and quiet within the infinite cosmos.
Localized states, embodied by concentrated remnants, become the seeds for new, relatively low-entropy expansions in those specific regions through gravitational accumulation and subsequent powerful energy release.
This model naturally allows for the coexistence of an infinite number of such ripples within the overarching infinite universe.
These localized ripples would be largely disconnected during their active phases and throughout the quiet periods of the void.
Each would possess its own unique history, physical parameters, and stage of evolution, potentially populated by remnants from earlier cycles carrying their own histories.
Direct observation between these distinct states is highly improbable due to the vast distances and the nature of the intervening quiet regions.
This aligns with the principles of entropy on a localized scale.
In this story: * There is no singular origin for all of existence.
Instead, it is eternally dynamic on a localized scale.
* The quiet state is not a final, universal end, but a transitional phase leading to new energy releases on a local scale.
* Life arises within the cooling phases of these dynamic ripples, experiencing a finite window of opportunity within each localized expansion.
* Numerous ripples exist as features within a single, infinite cosmos.
* Reality must be conceptualized beyond the observable horizon.
* Large-scale time within a ripple is tied to energetic activity, while the internal clocks of bounded systems persist and accumulate history independently.
This story is conceptually compelling, but it requires further theoretical development.
Key challenges include identifying the precise physical mechanism that explains how the proposed mergers can trigger localized expansions of spacetime.
It also requires describing the dynamics of the infinite expanse itself and the interactions between these localized ripples.
Precisely defining how time behaves for remnants traversing the inter-ripple void and how their accumulated internal temporal history is integrated upon entering a new dynamic temporal framework is crucial.
Future work involves looking for specific, quantifiable properties in ancient objects and seeking potential observational evidence for these predicted signatures within the observable surroundings.
The cyclical and infinite universe model offers a profound shift in understanding.
By proposing localized energetic releases as the source of what are seen as distinct universes within an infinite and eternal backdrop, it provides a framework for continuous cosmic activity.
It avoids a singular universal beginning and offers a context for the finite existence of structures and life within a potentially boundless reality.
Energy and localized time are perpetually re-ignited by the gravitational dance of matter and energy across the endless expanse.
The quiet state anticipated for this ripple is not a final end, but a transition, awaiting the potential for future localized energetic rebirth and possibly incorporating ancient travelers from cosmic epochs long past, bearing the full history of their existence.
The sheer vastness of the infinite expanse ensures that while localized regions cycle, the cosmos as a whole persists eternally.
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